Necesse
Necesse shares a top-down perspective with Core Keeper, emphasizing mining, crafting, base building, and exploration of procedurally generated worlds. It features combat, boss fights, and the ability to recruit settlers to manage colonies.
Terraria
Though a 2D side-scroller, Terraria offers a vast world for exploration, deep mining, an intricate crafting system, and challenging boss battles. The progression and discovery elements are highly comparable.

Stardew Valley
While primarily known for farming, Stardew Valley includes significant mining, cave exploration, combat, and resource gathering. Upgrading tools and crafting items in its pixel art world provides similar satisfaction loops.
Forager
Forager centers on incremental progression through resource gathering, crafting tools and structures, and expanding your territory. Its core loop of collection and expansion mirrors aspects of Core Keeper.
Don't Starve Together
This title offers a challenging survival experience focused on exploration, crafting for survival, and base building to defend against threats. Resource management and the drive to thrive are key shared components, playable solo (as Don't Starve) or co-op.
Valheim
Although 3D, Valheim captures a similar spirit of exploration in a vast, procedurally generated world, coupled with survival mechanics, extensive crafting, base building, and challenging boss encounters. The co-op experience is also a strong parallel.